Cancer Research Technology
Log in Register
Menu

Anti-PD-L1 [29E.2A3]

Invented at

Info

Catalogue Number 153514
Applications FACS IHC Fn
Antigen/Gene or Protein Targets PD-L1
Synonyms Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, PDCD1 ligand 1, Programmed death ligand 1, B7 homolog 1, B7-H1, CD274
Reactivity Human
Relevance Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) also known as cluster of differentiation 274 (CD274) or B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD274 gene.

PD-L1 is a 40kDa type 1 transmembrane protein that has been speculated to play a major role in suppressing the immune system during particular events such as pregnancy, tissue allografts, autoimmune disease and other disease states such as hepatitis. Normally the immune system reacts to foreign antigens where there is some accumulation in the lymph nodes or spleen which triggers a proliferation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell. The formation of PD-1 receptor / PD-L1 or B7.1 receptor /PD-L1 ligand complex transmits an inhibitory signal which reduces the proliferation of these CD8+ T cells at the lymph nodes and supplementary to that PD-1 is also able to control the accumulation of foreign antigen specific T cells in the lymph nodes through apoptosis which is further mediated by a lower regulation of the gene Bcl-2.

PD-L1 binds to its receptor, PD-1, found on activated T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells, to modulate activation or inhibition. Engagement of PD-L1 with its receptor PD-1 on T cells delivers a signal that inhibits TCR-mediated activation of IL-2 production and T cell proliferation. The mechanism involves inhibition of ZAP70 phosphorylation and its association with CD3ζ. PD-1 signaling attenuates PKC-θ activation loop phosphorylation (resulting from TCR signaling), necessary for the activation of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, and for production of IL-2. PD-L1 binding to PD-1 also contributes to ligand-induced TCR down-modulation during antigen presentation to naive T cells, by inducing the up-regulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase CBL-b.

Upon IFN-γ stimulation, PD-L1 is expressed on T cells, NK cells, macrophages, myeloid DCs, B cells, epithelial cells, and vascular endothelial cells. The PD-L1 gene promoter region has a response element to IRF-1, the interferon regulatory factor. Type I interferons can also upregulate PD-L1 on murine hepatocytes, monocytes, DCs, and tumor cells.

PD-L1 is notably expressed on macrophages. In the mouse, it has been shown that classically activated macrophages (induced by type I helper T cells or a combination of LPS and interferon-gamma) greatly upregulate PD-L1. Alternatively, macrophages activated by IL-4 (alternative macrophages), slightly upregulate PD-L1, while greatly upregulating PD-L2. It has been shown by STAT1-deficient knock-out mice that STAT1 is mostly responsible for upregulation of PD-L1 on macrophages by LPS or interferon-gamma, but is not at all responsible for its constitutive expression before activation in these mice.

It appears that upregulation of PD-L1 may allow cancers to evade the host immune system. An analysis of 196 tumor specimens from patients with renal cell carcinoma found that high tumor expression of PD-L1 was associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and a 4.5-fold increased risk of death. Many PD-L1 inhibitors are in development as immuno-oncology therapies and are showing good results in clinical trials.
Host Mouse
Immunogen PD-L1
Subclass IgG2b
Notes Purified via protein G
Research Area Cancer, Cell Signaling & Signal Transduction, Immunology

References

There are 2 reference entries for this reagent.

View All References

References: 2 entries

Brown et al. 2003. J Immunol. 170(3):1257-66. PMID: 12538684.

FACS IHC Fn

Blockade of programmed death-1 ligands on dendritic cells enhances T cell activation and cytokine production.

Europe PMC ID: 12538684


Add a reference

References: 2 entries

Brown et al. 2003. J Immunol. 170(3):1257-66. PMID: 12538684.

FACS IHC Fn

Blockade of programmed death-1 ligands on dendritic cells enhances T cell activation and cytokine production.


Add a reference

Inventor Information

No inventors are currently linked to this reagent.

Add an inventor

Invented at